Recent advances in microelectronics technology enables development of miniaturized smart and connected wireless implantable and wearable medical devices which can establish a telemedicine infrastructure through the Internet of Things (IoT). The edge processing and wireless connection of these devices increase the need to power. This rise in power consumption in implantable devices shorten the interval between battery replacement surgeries, which exposes the patient to many risks. Therefore, the main bottleneck in the development of the new generation of smart and connected medical devices is the batteries, which are used as the main source of power for medical devices. In recent years, the focus has moved towards eliminating the battery by replacing it with bioenergy harvesters from the body.



We first investigate the latest research achievements in the field of developing bioenergy harvesters including the level of power that can be extracted from the body's bioenergy resources. Then, we present various devices based on their power consumptions. Next, focusing on the vibration to electricity energy harvesters, we propose a novel solution based on the use of multilayer bending piezoelectric energy harvesters in the application of power supply for implantable medical devices. In addition to presenting the analysis method, an algorithm for designing harvesters based on frequency spectrum analysis is proposed. In the results section, a prototype of a vibration bioenergy harvester based on bending vibration is developed, investigated through practical in vitro tests, and the experimental results are discussed and compared.